Consider the following statements with reference to the Sagarmala Programme of the Govern…

Approach: Analyze the logical progression of the Sagarmala Programme from its foundational infrastructure goals to its evolving, future-oriented objectives.

- **Correct Answer:** (b) 1 and 2
- **Statement 1 (Validation):** Statement II provides empirical evidence (growth in shipping, improved port rankings) that the infrastructure-led strategy outlined in Statement I is yielding tangible economic results. Thus, II validates I.
- **Statement 2 (Extension):** Statement III represents an evolution of the original vision. By incorporating 'innovation' and long-term national goals like 'Viksit Bharat 2047', it builds upon the foundational infrastructure objectives of Statement I, effectively expanding the scope of the programme.
- **Why Statement 3 is incorrect:** Statement I does not contradict Statement III. The Sagarmala Programme is a dynamic policy framework. Focusing on 'coastal infrastructure' (Statement I) and 'maritime innovation' (Statement III) are complementary, not mutually exclusive. Modernizing infrastructure is a prerequisite for becoming a global innovation hub; therefore, they exist in a continuum rather than a contradiction.